|
Sergey Vasilyevich Kravkov (Russian: Сергей Вaсильевич Кравков; 1893–1951) was a Russian psychologist and psychophysiologist, Doctor of Science in Biology (1935), Corresponding Member of the Academy of Science of the USSR and the Academy of Medical Science of the USSR (1946). He is considered one of the founders of physiological optics, a scientific discipline that studies physiological processes, physical and psychic regularities which characterize the functioning of organs of human vision. == Biography == Kravkov was born 31 May 1893 in Ryazan in the family of Vasily Pavlovich Kravkov (1859–1920), an army medical officer. At the time of his birth his father held a rank of a Court Councilor (VII grade of the Table of Ranks) and served as a senior physician of the 137th "Nezhinsky" Infantry Regiment based in Ryazan. Future scientist's mother, Elena Alexeyevna, née Lukina (1870 – c. 1922) came of a family of hereditary gentry of Ryazan Governorate. From 1903 to 1911 Kravkov attended the First Ryazan Gimnasium. After leaving it, the future scientist was admitted to the Imperial Moscow University, where he studied at the Faculty of History and Philology. Since 1912 Kravkov was also a student of the Lydia Schukina Psychology Institute attached to the Moscow University and since 1915 worked there as an assistant. The beginning of Kravkov's scientific activity is considered to be his report "Objective psychology, its subject and significance" at the annual session of the Psychology Institute. The young scientist's abilities were highly appreciated by the Institute's Director Professor Chelpanov. In 1916 Kravkov graduated from the University magna cum laude with the qualification in experimental psychology. He was left at the University's Psychology Chair to be prepared for the professor's rank. Working at the Psychology Institute (up to 1923) from 1920 to 1932, Kravkov was also a senior assistant of the Institute of Biological Physics of the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR, where he worked under the guidance of academician Pyotr Lazarev. Those years he studied physics and mathematics and also started his own experimental research of physiology of the eyesight. Kravkov carried out an active pedagogical work in Moscow higher institutions: from 1924 to 1929 he was a senior lecturer at the Higher Art and Technical Studios (Vkhutemas), teaching colorimetry, since 1927 he had been associated professor on physiological optics at the Light Technical Department of the Moscow Energy Institute. In 1932 the scientist became professor of physiological optics of the Moscow Energy Institute. In addition to that since 1920 Kravkov had carried on pedagogical and research work in a number of Moscow higher institutions — the Military Pedagogical Academy, the Moscow Plekhanov Institute of People's Economy, the State Academy of Arts, the All-Union Electrical Engineering Institute, etc. In 1935, on the basis of a career of published works, Kravkov was awarded a scientific rank of Doctor of Science in Biology with the qualification in psychophysiology of the eyesight. From 1935 to 1938 he was professor of physiology chair of the biological faculty of the Moscow State University. Since 1936 Kravkov had headed the Laboratory of Physiological Optics at the State Central Helmholtz Institute of Ophtalmology (now the Moscow Helmholtz Scientific Research Institute of Eye Diseases), created by him and laternamed after him. At the same time Kravkov headed the Laboratory of Perception Psychophysiology at the Psychology Institute of the Academy of Pedagogical Science. During World War II Kravkov worked in a neurosurgical hospital at the problems of rehabilitation of the eyesight. Since 1945 he had created and had been in charge of the Laboratory of Physiological Optics at the Philosophy Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1946 to 1951 he was professor of philosophy faculty of the Moscow State University. Kravkov was an Academic Secretary (since 1943) and Vice Chairman of the Commission on Physiological Optics at the Biological Department at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was also a member of the Commission on lightning engineering at the Department of Technical Sciences at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1947–1951). In 1946 Kravkov was elected corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1947 he was given a title of Honoured Scientist of the RSFSR. On the initiative of the academician Mikhail Averbakh in 1941 an issue of a specialized periodical publication ''Problemy fisiologicheskoi optiki'' (Problems of physiological optics) was launched. From 1941 to 1951 Kravkov was its permanent editor. During the decades of academic activity, Kravkov became the author of more than one hundred scientific works. The main of them are ''Samonablyudeniye'' (Self-observation, 1922), ''Vnusheniye (psikhologiya i pedagogika vnusheniya)'' (Suggestion, its psychology and pedagogics, 1924), ''Ocherk psikhologii'' (Essay on psychology, 1925), ''Glaz i ego rabota'' (Eye and its functions, 1932), ''Ocherk obschey psikhofiziologii organov chuvstv'' (Essay on general psychophysiology of sense organs, 1946) ''Vzaimodeystviye organov chuvstv'' (Interaction of sense organs, 1948), ''Tsvetovoe zreniye'' (Colour eyesight, 1951). In cooperation with N. Vishnevsky, Kravkov designed and constructed a special device for definition of the normality of twilight vision, that was being mass-produced for the Red Army needs during the Great Patriotic War. Kravkov brought up a number of prominent Soviet scientists. Kravkov died 16 March 1951 in Moscow and was buried at the Danilovskoye Cemetery. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sergey Vasilyevich Kravkov」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|